PENGERTIAN DAN PRINSIP-PRINSIP KOPERASI

Pengertian koperasi

Koperasi adalah suatu kumpulan orang – orang untuk bekerja sama demi kesejahteraan bersama.
Koperasi Indonesia adalah organisasi ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak social dan beranggotakan orang – orang, badan – badan hukum koperasi yang merupakan tata susunan ekonomi sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas asas kekeluargaan.

 Koperasi berkaitan dengan fungsi - fungsi :

• fungsi sosial
• fungsi ekonomi
• fungsi politik
• fungsi etika

A) Definisi Koperasi Menurut ILO

Dalam definisi ILO terdapat 6 elemen yang dikandung dalam koperasi, yaitu :

• Koperasi adalah perkumpulan orang-orang

• Penggabungan orang-orang berdasarkan kesukarelaan

• Terdapat tujuan ekonomi yang ingin dicapai

• Koperasi berbentuk organisasi bisnis yang diawasi dan dikendalikan secara demokratis

• Terdapat kontribusi yang adil terhadap modal yang dibutuhkan

• Anggota koperasi menerima resiko dan manfaat secara seimbang

B) Definisi Koperasi Menurut Chaniago

Drs. Arifinal Chaniago (1984) dalam bukunya Perkoperasian Indonesia memberikan definisi, “ Koperasi adalah suatu perkumpulan yang beranggotakan orang - orang atau badan hukum yang memberikan kebebasan masuk dan keluar sebagai anggota dengan bekerja sama secara kekeluargaan menjalankan usaha untuk mempertinggi kesejahteraan jasmaniah para anggotanya”.

 C) Definisi Koperasi Menurut Dooren 

Menurut P.J.V. Dooren tidak ada satu definisi koperasi yang diterima secara umum. Disini Dooren memperluas pengertian koperasi, dimana koperasi tidak hanya kumpulan orang-orang melainkan juga kumpulan badan-badan hukum.

 D) Definisi Koperasi Menurut Hatta

Definisi koperasi menurut “Bapak Koperasi Indonesia” Moh. Hatta adalah usaha bersama untuk memperbaiki nasib penghidupan ekonomi berdasarkan tolong-menolong.

 E) Definisi Koperasi Menurut Munkner

Munkner mendefinisikan koperasi sebagai organisasi tolong – menolong yang menjalankan “urusniaga” secara kumpulan, yang berazaskan konsep tolong – menolong. Aktivitas dalam urusniaga semata - mata bertujuan ekonomi, bukan social seperti yang dikandung gotong - royong.

 F) Definisi UU No.25 / 1992

Koperasi adalaah badan usaha yang beranggotakan orang seorang atau badan hukum koperasi, dengan melandaskan kegiatannya berdasarkan prinsip koperasi sekaligus sebagai gerakan ekonomi rakyat, yang berdasar atas azas kekeluargaan.


 Tujuan Koperasi

Berdasarkan UU No. 25 tahun 1992 tentang Perkoperasian pasal 3 , tujuan koperasi adalah memajukan kesejahteraan anggota pada khususnya dan masyarakat pada umumnya, serta ikut membangun tatanan perekonomian nasional , dalam rangka mewujudkan masyarakat yang maju, adil, dan makmur berlandaskan Pancasila dan UUD 1945.


Prinsip - Prinsip Koperasi

•  Prinsip Koperasi Menurut Munker
  
  
  1. Keanggotaan bersifat sukarela
  2. Keanggotaan terbuka
  3. Pengembangan anggota
  4. Identitas sebagai pemilik dan pelanggan
  5. Manajemen dan pengawasan dilakukan secara demokratis
  6. Koperasi sebagai kumpulan orang-orang
  7. Modal yang berkaitan dengan aspek sosial tidak dibagi
  8. Efisiensi ekonomi dari perusahaan koperasi
  9. Perkumpulan dengan sukarela
  10. Kebebasan dalam pengambilan keputusan dan penetapan tujuan
  11. Pendistribusian yang adil dan merata akan hasil-hasil ekonomi
  12. Pendidikan anggota
  
  
  • Prinsip Koperasi Menurut Rochdale
    
    
    
    1. Pengawasan secara demokratis
    2. Keanggotaan yang terbuka
    3. Bunga atas modal dibatasi
    4. Pembagian sisa hasil usaha (SHU) kepada anggota sesuai jasanya.
    5. Penjualan sepenuhnya dengan tunai
    6. Barang yang dijual harus asli dan tidak dipalsukan
    7. Menyelenggarakan pendidikan kepada anggotanya sesuai prinsip koperasi
    8. Netral terhadap politik dan agama
    • Prinsip Koperasi Menurut Raiffeisen
      
      
      
      1. Swadaya
      2. Daerah kerja terbatas
      3. SHU untuk cadangan
      4. Tanggung jawab anggota tidak terbatas
      5. Pengurus bekerja atas dasar kesukarelaan
      6. Usaha hanya kepada anggota
      7. Keanggotaan atas dasar watak, bukan uang
      • Prinsip Koperasi Menurut Herman Schulze
        
        
        
        1. Swadaya
        2. Daerah kerja tak terbatas
        3. SHU untuk cadangan dan untuk dibagikan kepada anggota
        4. Tanggung jawab anggota terbatas
        5. Pengurus bekerja dengan mendapat imbalan
        6. Usaha tidak terbatas tidak hanya untuk anggota
        • Prinsip Koperasi Menurut ICA
          
          
          
          1. Keanggotaan koperasi secara terbuka tanpa adanya pembatasan yang dibuat-buat
          2. Kepemimpinan yang demokrasi atas dasar satu orang satu suara
          3. Modal menerima bunga yang terbatas, itupun bila ada
          4. SHU dibagi 3 :
          5. Sebagian untuk cadangan
          6. Sebagian untuk masyarakat
          7. Sebagian untuk dibagikan kembali kepada anggota sesuai jasanya
          8. Semua koperasi harus melaksanakan pendidikan secara terus-menerus
          9. Gerakan koperasi harus melaksanakan kerja sama yang erat, baik di tingkat regional, nasional, maupun internasional.
          • Prinsip Koperasi Menurut UU No.12 Thn 1967
            
            Prinsip Koperasi Indonesia Menurut UU No. 12 tahun 1967 adalah sebagai berikut.
            
            1. Sifat keanggotaannya sukarela dan terbuka untuk setiap WNI
            2. Rapat anggota merupakan kekuasaan tertinggi sebagai pencerminan demokrasi dalam koperasi.
            3. Pembagian SHU diatur menurut jasa masing-masing anggota
            4. Adanya pembatasan bunga atas modal
            5. Mengembangkan kesejahteraan anggota khususnya dan masyarakat umumnya
            6. Usaha dan ketatalaksanaannya bersifat terbuka
            7. Swadaya, swakarya, dan swasembada sebagai pencerminan prinsip dasar percaya pada diri sendiri.
  
  
  

Sejarah & Definisi Koperasi

         Sejarah Koperasi

Pada tanggal 21 Desember 1944, Koperasi pertama kali dicetuskan oleh Rochdale dari Inggris. Sedangkan di Indonesia, pada tahun 1891 koperasi dirintis oleh R. Ariswiriatmadja, seorang patih dari Purwokerto, dalam bentuk usaha simpan pinjam. Tujuan utamanya pada waktu itu adalah untuk membebaskan pegawai pemerintah dari cengkeraman lintah darat. 

Dalam Undang-Undang Dasar 1945, pasal 33 ayat 1, koperasi dinyatakan sebagai bentuk usaha yang paling sesuai untuk Indonesia. Kongres Koperasi I diadakan pada tanggal 12 Juli 1947 di Tasikmalaya. Tanggal tersebut kemudian ditetapkan menjadi Hari Koperasi Indonesia. Pada kongres II di Bandung pada tahun 1950, Bung Hatta dinobatkan sebagai Bapak Koperasi Indonesia dan pada tanggal 9 Februari 1970 dibentuklah Dewan Koperasi Indonesia yang disingkat Dekopin.

Definisi Koperasi

  

Menurut undang undang koperasi No. 12 tahun 1967 : Koperasi Indonesia adalah organisasi ekonomi rakyat yang berwatak sosial, beranggotakan orang orang atau badan badan hukum koperasi yang merupakan tata susunan ekonomi sebagai usaha bersama berdasar atas azaz kekeluargaan.

Menurut Margaret Digbi, Koperasi adalah suatu usaha swasta tetapi ada perbedaan antara badan usaha swasta lain yaitu dalam hal cara untuk mencapai tujuannya dan penggunaan alatnya.Beliau juga mengartikan bahwa koperasi juga merupakan kerjasama dan siap untuk menolong.

 Menurut ILO definisi koperasi adalah Cooperation is an association of person, usually of limited means, who have voluntaily joined together to achieve a common economic and through the formation of a domocratically controlled bisinnes organization, making equitable. contribution of the capital required and accepting a fair share of the risk and benefits of the undertaking. 

Definisi diatas terdiri dari unsur unsur berikut :

1. kumpulan orang orang yang 

2. bersifat sukarela

3. mempunyai tujuan ekonomi bersama

4. organisasi usaha yang dikendalikan secara demokratis 

5. kontribusi modal yang adil 

6. menanggung kerugian bersama dan menerima keuntungan secara adil

 Frank Robotka dalam Bukunya yang berjudul “ A Theory of Cooperative “ menyatakan bahwa penulis penulis Amerika serikat umumnya menerima ide ide tentang koperasi sebagai berikut :
         1. koperasi adalah suatu bentuk badan usaha yang anggotanya merupakan langganannya. Koperasi diorganisasikan , diawasi dan dimiliki oleh para anggotanya yang bekerja untuk kemanfaatan mereka sendiri
         2. praktek usahanya sesuai dengan prinsip prinsip Rochdale
         3. Koperasi adalah suatu kebalikan dari persaingan yaitu bahwa anggota lebih bersifat kerja sama daripada bersaing diantara mereka
         4. Koperasi bukan perkumpulan modal dan tidak mengejar keuntungan, lain dengan badan usaha bukan koperasi yang mengutamakan modal dan berusaha mendapatkan keuntungan
        5. Keanggotaan koperasi berdasarkan atas perseorangan bukan atas dasar modal

 

Someday

When we were young we did not realise our youth
When we loved we did not realise our love for each other
but now returning to the past
Back then we were that young, and loved that way

Most of the memories have gone with the tear-filled river of time
Slowly flowing away
But now returning to the past
The youth and love of the past was so precious

Someday, we will meet again
Even though we don't know where we will go
someday, we will meet again
With already separated indentities

When we were young we forgot our youth
when we loved we saw it as too boring
But now thinking back
Back then we were that young, and loved that way

Relative Pronoun

Contoh Relative Pronoun

Who
> The man who speaks English every day is my mother.
> The girl who is sitting in the corner is my friend.

Whom
> The boy whom we visited is her boyfriend.
> The woman whom you teach yesterday is my sister.

Which
> The movie which we saw last night was not good.
> The book which you read now is my book.

Whose
> The girl whose car was sold will go to study abroad.
> I know the man whose motorcycle was stolen.

That
> The movies that describes about behavior of human.
>The laptop that I bought 2 years ago has been stolen by my own brother.

Artikel Relative Pronoun

Contoh artikel yang terdapat kalimat Relative Pronouns

 How to Set the Good Relationship

Success is from the party. Experts of career planning say that the standards factors of achieving the ideal have performance of 10%, self-position of 30% and relationship of 60%.

As to women, Success is often a hard thing. But we have to admit that success comes from the party. Hundreds of years ago, Men began to clinch a deal the buying and selling in a special cocktail party. From free market trading, students union etc, the "old network" to the golf club, giant conference or common experience sweating in the sauna, men will have a decision about the direction. It also confirmed the German sociologist said that "high-end policymakers support each other and achieve success, their motto is: you help me, and I will help you."

The specific ways are following. Know more people and known by more people. Many women are shy to use their communication ability and don't want to show their charm. Inappropriate humility and good family education too much will stop success. [1]We conclude that who can deal with the relationship well, he will control more resource. Relationship is in the balance between paying and gaining, and a kind of fair transaction that is agreed by both. It is not related to the morality.

The easy steps have five. At first, you should set a goal. You had better ser a key goal for your future. The more specific you define, the easier it is for your network to be connected together. For example, you set the certain person as your idol, and you speak out your desire, then you can confirm the target that you can reach. Secondly, you need build the relationship. You should go out and take the activities. Every activity will expand your social circle. Of course, you can think about that that you want to know, and you can collect some information and talk with them. You try to adapt to the atmosphere, as you may be nervous in order to communicate with them. Thirdly, you should tell others something, [2]which is to find a new job and need a cheap computer. [3] As long as you don't know who can help you, "the net" might come in handy. Fourthly, you should take an active part in the gathering. You can make use of the chance to be familiar to your colleagues, leadership and the person of opposite you at any time, such as, break, lunch time and the plane departure lounge. Fifth, it is an important method to collect information. You can listen positively to the dialogue, which make you know about relative information. In order to the work and life of the future, you should gaining some contacts and necessary information. For instant, the colleague is the Hui nationality and he never eats the pork. You must realize this point when you have dinner together. Some colleagues like playing games and spend time and money for http://rs.farmer100.com/">runescape money and cheap rs gold. You had better not express the bad words about games. These will break the relationship. If you can develop the common hobby such as the runescape, you will have the same topic and maybe share the experience about rs accounts for sale. It is good for keeping the relationship

Sumber : http://education-secret.blogspot.com/2013/05/artikel-bahasa-inggris-tentang.html

Direct and Indirect Speech

Contoh Percakapan Direct dan Indirect Speech

                   Direct Speech                                                                 Indirect Speech

> Present simple                                                                  > Past simple

   He said, " it's hot".                                                               He said it was hot.

> Present perfect                                                                 > Past perfect

    She said, "I'm writing".                                                        She said that she was writing.

> Present continous                                                             > Past continous

   She said, "i have found money".                                           She said that she had found money.

> Present perfect continous                                                 > Past perfect continous

   He said, "i have been study mathematic                               He said he had been study mathematic for 

   for twelve years".                                                                  twelve years.

> Past simple                                                                      > Past perfect

   She said, "i didn't go to hospital yesterday".                        She said she hadn't gone to hospital the

                                                                                              day before.

> Past continous                                                                  > Past perfect continous
   She said, "i was cooking earlier".                                          She said she had been cooking earlier.

> Past perfect                                                                      > Past perfect

   She said, "i have already listen that song".                           She said she have already listen that song.

> Past perfect continous                                                       > Past perfect continous
   He said, "i'd already been watching that movies".                 He said he'd already been watching that
                                                                                               movies. 

Types of Clauses

                                        
                                        Types of Clauses 


   
1. Independent clauses
contain both a subject and a verb and can stand alone as a sentence.
Example: Jet lag affects most long distance travelers.

2.     Dependent clauses
contain both a subject and a verb, but cannot stand alone as a sentence. Dependent clauses are introduced
by subordinating conjunctions such as because, what, if
Example: Although there is no sure way to prevent jet lag.

                                      Independent clauses

He saw her. The Washingtons hurried home. Free speech has a price. Grammatically complete statements like these are sentences and can stand alone. When they are part of longer sentences, they are referred to as independent (or main) clauses.

Two or more independent clauses can be joined by using coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet) or by using semicolons. The most important thing to remember is that an independent clause can stand alone as a complete sentence.

In the following example, the independent clause is a simple sentence.

• Erica brushed her long, black hair. 

Next, the coordinating conjunction and joins two independent clauses.

• Fernando left, and Erica brushed her long, black hair. 

Next, a semicolon joins two independent clauses.

• Fernando left; Erica brushed her long, black hair. 

All sentences must include at least one independent clause.

• After she told Fernando to leave, Erica brushed her long, black hair. 

In the previous sentence, the independent clause is preceded by a clause that can't  stand alone: After she told Fernando to leave.

• Erica brushed her long, black hair while she waited for Fernando to leave. 

Here, the independent clause is followed by a clause that can't stand alone: while she waited for Fernando to leave.

Beginning sentences with coordinating conjunctions

Any of the coordinating conjunctions ( and, but, for, nor, or, so, and yet) can be used to join an independent clause to another independent clause. Can you begin a sentence with one of these conjunctions?

• No one knew what to do. But everyone agreed that something should be done. 

    An old rule says that you shouldn't. But beginning a sentence with a coordinating conjunction is acceptable today. (Notice the preceding sentence, for example.) Sometimes beginning a sentence this way creates exactly the effect you want. It separates the clause and yet draws attention to its relationship with the previous clause.

Subordinate clauses

A subordinate clause has a subject and verb but, unlike an independent clause, cannot stand by itself. It depends on something else in the sentence to express a complete thought, which is why it's also called a dependent clause. Some subordinate clauses are introduced by relative pronouns ( who, whom, that, which, what, whose) and some by subordinating conjunctions ( although, because, if,unless, when, etc.). Subordinate clauses function in sentences as adjectives, nouns, and adverbs.

                                            Relative clauses

A relative clause begins with a relative pronoun and functions as an adjective.

In the following sentence, the relative pronoun that is the subject of its clause andwon the Pulitzer Prize is the predicate. This clause couldn't stand by itself. Its role in the complete sentence is to modify novel, the subject of the independent clause.

• The novel that won the Pulitzer Prize didn't sell well when it was first published. 

In the next example , which is the relative pronoun that begins the subordinate clause. Celebrities is the subject of the clause and attended is the verb. In the complete sentence, this clause functions as an adjective describing ceremony.

• The ceremony, which several celebrities attended, received widespread media coverage. 

Note that in a relative clause, the relative pronoun is sometimes the subject of the clause, as in the following sentence, and sometimes the object, as in the next sentence.

• Arthur, who comes to the games every week, offered to be scorekeeper. 

Who is the subject of the clause and comes to the games every week is the predicate. The clause modifies Arthur.

In the following sentence , mothers is the subject of the clause, adored is the verb, and whom is the direct object of adored. Again, the clause modifies Arthur.

• Arthur, whom the team mothers adored, was asked to be scorekeeper. 
  
  

                                      Noun clauses

  A noun clause functions as a noun in a sentence.

  • What I want for dinner is a hamburger. (subject of the verb is) 
    The host told us how he escaped. (direct object of the verb told) 
    A vacation is what I need most. (complement of the linking verb is) 
    Give it to whoever arrives first. (object of the preposition to) 

  Pronoun case in subordinate clauses

  Who, whom, whoever, whomever. In deciding which case of who you should use in a clause, remember this important rule: The case of the pronoun is governed by the role it plays in its own clause, not by its relation to the rest of the sentence. Choosing the right case of pronoun can be especially confusing because the pronoun may appear to have more than one function. Look at the following sentence.

  • They gave the money to whoever presented the winning ticket. 

  At first, you may think whomever is correct rather than whoever, on the assumption that it is the object of the preposition to. But in fact the entire clause, not whoever, is the object of the preposition. Refer to the basic rule: The case should be based on the pronoun's role within its own clause. In this clause,whoever is the subject of the verb presented.

  A good way to determine the right pronoun case is to forget everything but the clause itself: whoever presented the winning ticket is correct; whomever presented the winning ticket is not.

  The following two sentences show how you must focus on the clause rather than the complete sentence in choosing the right pronoun case.

  • We asked whomever we saw for a reaction to the play. 
    We asked whoever called us to call back later. 

  In each sentence the clause is the direct object of asked. But in the first sentence,whomever is correct because within its clause, it is the object of saw. In the second sentence, whoever is correct because it is the subject of called.

                                    Adverbial clauses

  Many subordinate clauses begin with subordinating conjunctions. Examples of these conjunctions are because, unless, if, when, and although. What these conjunctions have in common is that they make the clauses that follow them unable to stand alone. The clauses act as adverbs, answering questions like how, when, where, why, to what extent, and under what conditions.

  • When Mauna Loa began erupting and spewing lava into the air, we drove away as quickly as we could. 

  In the preceding sentence , when is a subordinating conjunction introducing the adverbial clause. The subject of the clause is Mauna Loa and the predicate is began erupting and spewing lava into the air. This clause is dependent because it is an incomplete thought. What happened when the volcano began erupting? The independent clause we drove away as quickly as we could completes the thought. The adverbial clause answers the question “When did we drive?”

  In the following sentence, because introduces the adverbial clause in which van is the subject and needed the verb. This clause is an incomplete thought. Whathappened because the van needed repairs? The independent clause The group of tourists decided to have lunch in the village is necessary to complete the thought. Again, the subordinate clause as a whole acts as an adverb, telling why the tourists decided to have lunch in the village.

  
  

  
  

Sumber : http://www.cliffsnotes.com/study_guide/Types-of-Clauses.topicArticleId-251364,articleId-251289.html